Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (97 Revision) [Revised]

中华人民共和国刑法(1997修订)   (2011年刑法修正案八

Issuing authority： National People's Congress Date issued： 03-14-1997Effective date： 12-25-1999Level of Authority： LawsArea of law：Criminal LawRevised by：Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Amending Some Laws

         *注：本法已被八个修正案及全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改部分法律的决定（发布日期：2009年8月27日 实施日期：2009年8月27日）修正、修改.

Table of Contents:

        目录

Part I General Provisions

        第一编　总则

Chapter I Tasks, Basic Principles, and Scope of Application of the Criminal Law

        第一章　刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围

Chapter II Crimes

        第二章　犯罪

Section 1. Crime and Criminal Responsibility

        第一节　犯罪和刑事责任

Section 2. Preparation for a Crime, Criminal Attempt, and Discontinuation of a Crime

        第二节　犯罪的预备、未遂和中止

Section 3. Joint Crimes

        第三节　共同犯罪

Section 4. Unit Crimes

        第四节　单位犯罪

Chapter III Punishments

        第三章　刑罚

Section 1. Types of Punishments

        第一节　刑罚的种类

Section 2. Control

        第二节　管制

Section 3. Criminal Detention

        第三节　拘役

Section 4. Fixed-Term Imprisonment and Life Imprisonment

        第四节　有期徒刑、无期徒刑

Section 5. The Death Penalty

        第五节　死刑

Section 6. Fines

        第六节　罚金

Section 7. Deprivation of Political Rights

        第七节　剥夺政治权利

Section 8. Confiscation of Property

        第八节　没收财产

Chapter IV The Concrete Application Of Punishments

        第四章　刑罚的具体运用

Section 1. Sentencing

        第一节　量刑

Section 2. Recidivists

        第二节　累犯

Section 3. Voluntary Surrender and Meritorious Service

        第三节　自首和立功

Section 4. Combined Punishment for More Than One Crime

        第四节　数罪并罚

Section 5. Suspension of Sentence

        第五节　缓刑

Section 6. Reduction of Sentence

        第六节　减刑

Section 7. Parole

        第七节　假释

Section 8. Limitation

        第八节　时效

Chapter V Other Provisions

        第五章　其他规定

PART II Special Provisions

        第二编　分则

Chapter I Crimes of Endangering National Security

        第一章　危害国家安全罪

Chapter II Crimes of Endangering Public Security

        第二章　危害公共安全罪

Chapter III Crimes of Undermining the Order of Socialist Market Economy

        第三章　破坏社会主义市场经济秩序罪

Section 1. Crimes of Manufacturing and Selling Fake and Shoddy Goods

        第一节　生产、销售伪劣商品罪

Section 2. Crimes of Smuggling

        第二节　走私罪

Section 3. Crimes of Disrupting the Order of Company and Enterprise Administration

        第三节　妨害对公司、企业的管理秩序罪

Section 4. Crimes of Undermining the Order of Financial Management

        第四节　破坏金融管理秩序罪

Section 5. Crimes of Financial Fraud

        第五节　金融诈骗罪

Section 6. Crimes of Endangering Collection and Management of Taxes

        第六节　危害税收征管罪

Section 7. Crimes of Infringing Upon Intellectual Propert Rights

        第七节　侵犯知识产权罪

Section 8. Crimes of Disrupting Market Order

        第八节　扰乱市场秩序罪

Chapter IV Crimes of Infringing Upon the Rights of the Person and the Democratic Rights of Citizens

        第四章　侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪

Chapter V The Crime of Encroaching on Property

        第五章　侵犯财产罪

Chapter VI Crimes of Disrupting the Order of Social Administration

        第六章　妨害社会管理秩序罪

Section 1. Crimes of Disrupting Public Order

        第一节　扰乱公共秩序罪

Section 2. Crimes of Disrupting Justice

        第二节　妨害司法罪

Section 3. Crimes of Disrupting Administration of the Territory (Border)

        第三节　妨害国（边）境管理罪

Section 4. Crimes of Disrupting Administration of Cultural Relics

        第四节　妨害文物管理罪

Section 5. Crimes of Endangering Public Health

        第五节　危害公共卫生罪

Section 6. Crimes of Undermining Protection of Environmental Resources

        第六节　破坏环境资源保护罪

Section 7. Crimes of Smuggling, Trafficking, Transporting, and Manufacturing Drugs.

        第七节　走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪

Section 8. Crimes of Organizing, Forcing, Inducing, Housing, and Introducing Prostitutes

        第八节　组织、强迫、引诱、容留、介绍卖淫罪

Section 9. Crimes of Manufacturing, Selling, and Spreading Obscene Publications

        第九节　制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品罪

Chapter VII Crimes of Endangering the Interests of National Defense

        第七章　危害国防利益罪

Chapter VIII Graft and Bribery

        第八章　贪污贿赂罪

Chapter IX Crimes of Dereliction of Duty

        第九章　渎职罪

Chapter X Crimes of Violation of Duty by Military PersonnelSupplementary Articles

        第十章　军人违反职责罪

Appendix

        附则

Part I General Provisions

第一编　总则

Chapter I Tasks, Basic Principles, and Scope of Application of the Criminal Law

第一章　刑法的任务、基本原则和适用范围

Article 1. This law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and in light of the concrete experience of China launching a struggle against crime and the realities in the country, with a view to punishing crime and protecting the people.

        　　第一条　【立法目的】为了惩罚犯罪，保护人民，根据宪法，结合我国同犯罪作斗争的具体经验及实际情况，制定本法。

Article 2. The tasks of the PRC Criminal Law are to use punishment struggle against all criminal acts to defend national security, the political power of the people's democratic dictatorship, and the socialist system; to protect state-owned property and property collectively owned by the laboring masses; to protect citizens' privately owned property; to protect citizens' right of the person, democratic rights, and other rights; to maintain social and economic order; and to safeguard the smooth progress of the cause of socialist construction.

        　　第二条　【任务】中华人民共和国刑法的任务，是用刑罚同一切犯罪行为作斗争，以保卫国家安全，保卫人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保护国有财产和劳动群众集体所有的财产，保护公民私人所有的财产，保护公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业的顺利进行。

Article 3. Any act deemed by explicit stipulations of law as a crime is to be convicted and given punishment by law and any act that no explicit stipulations of law deems a crime is not to be convicted or given punishment.

        　　第三条　【罪刑法定】法律明文规定为犯罪行为的，依照法律定罪处刑；法律没有明文规定为犯罪行为的，不得定罪处刑。

Article 4. Every one is equal before the law in committing crime. No one is permitted to have privileges to transgress the law.

        　　第四条　【法律面前人人平等】对任何人犯罪，在适用法律上一律平等。不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。

Article 5. The severity of punishments must be commensurate with the crime committed by an offender and the criminal responsibility he bears.

        　　第五条　【罪责刑相适应】刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事责任相适应。

Article 6. This law is applicable to all who commit crimes within the territory of the PRC except as specially stipulated by law.

This law is also applicable to all who commit crimes aboard a ship or aircraft of the PRC.

When either the act or consequence of a crime takes place within PRC territory, a crime is deemed to have been committed within PRC territory.

        　　第六条　【属地管辖权】凡在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪的，除法律有特别规定的以外，都适用本法。

凡在中华人民共和国船舶或者航空器内犯罪的，也适用本法。

犯罪的行为或者结果有一项发生在中华人民共和国领域内的，就认为是在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪。

Article 7. This law is applicable to PRC citizens who commit the crimes specified in this law outside the territory of the PRC; but those who commit the crimes, provided that this law stipulates a minimum sentence of less than a three-year fixed-term imprisonment for such crimes, may not be dealt with.

This law is applicable to PRC state personnel and military personnel who commit the crimes specified in this law outside PRC territory.

        　　第七条　【属人管辖权】中华人民共和国公民在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法，但是按本法规定的最高刑为三年以下有期徒刑的，可以不予追究。

中华人民共和国国家工作人员和军人在中华人民共和国领域外犯本法规定之罪的，适用本法。

Article 8. This law may be applicable to foreigners, who outside PRC territory, commit crimes against the PRC state or against its citizens, provided that this law stipulates a minimum sentence of not less than a three-year fixed term of imprisonment for such crimes; but an exception is to be made if a crime is not punishable according the law of the place where it was committed.

        　　第八条　【保护管辖权】外国人在中华人民共和国领域外对中华人民共和国国家或者公民犯罪，而按本法规定的最低刑为三年以上有期徒刑的，可以适用本法，但是按照犯罪地的法律不受处罚的除外。

Article 9. This law is applicable to the crimes specified in international treaties to which the PRC is a signatory state or with which it is a member and the PRC exercises criminal jurisdiction over such crimes within its treaty obligations.

        　　第九条　【普遍管辖权】对于中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约所规定的罪行，中华人民共和国在所承担条约义务的范围内行使刑事管辖权的，适用本法。

Article 10. Any person who commits a crime outside PRC territory and according to this law bear criminal responsibility may still be dealt with according to this law even if he has been tried in a foreign country; however, a person who has already received criminal punishment in a foreign country may be exempted from punishment or given a mitigated punishment.

        　　第十条　【对外国刑事判决的消极承认】凡在中华人民共和国领域外犯罪，依照本法应当负刑事责任的，虽然经过外国审判，仍然可以依照本法追究，但是在外国已经受过刑罚处罚的，可以免除或者减轻处罚。

Article 11. The problem of criminal responsibility of foreigners who enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunity is to be resolved through diplomatic channels.

        　　第十一条　【外交代表刑事管辖豁免】享有外交特权和豁免权的外国人的刑事责任，通过外交途径解决。

Article 12. If an act committed after the founding of the PRC and before the implementation of this law was not deemed a crime under the laws at that time, the laws at that time are to be applicable. If the act was deemed a crime under the laws at that time, and if under the provisions of Chapter IV, Section 8 of the general provisions of this law it should be prosecuted, criminal responsibility is to be investigated according to the laws at that time. However, if this law does not deem it a crime or imposes a lesser punishment, this law is to be applicable.

The effective judgments that were made according to the laws at that time before the implementation of this law will continue to be in force.

        　　第十二条　【溯及力】中华人民共和国成立以后本法施行以前的行为，如果当时的法律不认为是犯罪的，适用当时的法律；如果当时的法律认为是犯罪的，依照本法总则第四章第八节的规定应当追诉的，按照当时的法律追究刑事责任，但是如果本法不认为是犯罪或者处刑较轻的，适用本法。

本法施行以前，依照当时的法律已经作出的生效判决，继续有效。

Chapter II Crimes

第二章　犯罪

Section 1. Crimes and Criminal Responsibility

第一节　犯罪和刑事责任

Article 13. All acts that endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security of the state; split the state; subvert the political power of the people's democratic dictatorship and overthrow the socialist system; undermine social and economic order; violate property owned by the state or property collectively owned by the laboring masses; violate citizens' privately owned property; infringe upon citizens' rights of the person, democratic rights. and other rights; and other acts that endanger society, are crimes if according to law they should be criminally punished. However, if the circumstances are clearly minor and the harm is not great, they are not to be deemed crimes.

        　　第十三条　【犯罪概念】一切危害国家主权、领土完整和安全，分裂国家、颠覆人民民主专政的政权和推翻社会主义制度，破坏社会秩序和经济秩序，侵犯国有财产或者劳动群众集体所有的财产，侵犯公民私人所有的财产，侵犯公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，以及其他危害社会的行为，依照法律应当受刑罚处罚的，都是犯罪，但是情节显著轻微危害不大的，不认为是犯罪。

Article 14. An intentional crime is a crime constituted as a result of clear knowledge that one's own act will cause socially dangerous consequences, and of hope for or indifference to the occurrence of those consequences.

Criminal responsibility shall be borne for intentional crimes.

        　　第十四条　【故意犯罪】明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果，并且希望或者放任这种结果发生，因而构成犯罪的，是故意犯罪。

故意犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Article 15. A negligent crime occurs when one should foresee that one's act may cause socially dangerous consequences but fails to do so because of carelessness or, having foreseen the consequences, readily assumes he can

prevent them, with the result that these consequences occur.

Criminal responsibility is to be borne for negligent crimes only when the law so stipulates.

        　　第十五条　【过失犯罪】应当预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果，因为疏忽大意而没有预见，或者已经预见而轻信能够避免，以致发生这种结果的，是过失犯罪。

过失犯罪，法律有规定的才负刑事责任。

Article 16. Although an act objectively creates harmful consequences, if it does not result from intent or negligence but rather stems from irresistible or unforeseeable causes, it is not a crime.

        　　第十六条　【不可抗力和意外事件】行为在客观上虽然造成了损害结果，但是不是出于故意或者过失，而是由于不能抗拒或者不能预见的原因所引起的，不是犯罪。

Article 17. A person who has reached the age of sixteen who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.

A person who has reached the age of fourteen but not the age of sixteen who commits the crimes of intentionally killing another or intentionally injuring another, even causing serious injury or death, and the crimes of rape, robbery, drug trafficking, arson, explosion, and poisoning shall bear criminal responsibility.

A person who has reached the age of fourteen but not the age of eighteen who commits a crime shall be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment.

When a person is not criminally punished because he has not reached the age of sixteen, the head of his family or guardian is to be ordered to subject him to discipline. When necessary, he may also be given shelter and rehabilitation by the government.

        　　第十七条　【刑事责任年龄】已满十六周岁的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

已满十四周岁不满十六周岁的人，犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投毒罪的，应当负刑事责任。

已满十四周岁不满十八周岁的人犯罪，应当从轻或者减轻处罚。

因不满十六周岁不予刑事处罚的，责令他的家长或者监护人加以管教；在必要的时候，也可以由政府收容教养。

Article 18. A mentally ill person who causes dangerous consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or unable to control his own conduct is not to bear criminal responsibility after being established through accreditation of legal procedures; but his family or guardian shall be ordered to subject him to strict surveillance and arrange for his medical treatment. When necessary, he will be given compulsory medical treatment by the government.

A person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime during a period of mental normality.

A mentally ill person who commits a crime at a time when he has not yet completely lost his ability to recognize or control his own conduct shall bear criminal responsibility but he may be given a lesser or a mitigated punishment.

An intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility.

        　　第十八条　【特殊人员的刑事责任能力】精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果，经法定程序鉴定确认的，不负刑事责任，但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗；在必要的时候，由政府强制医疗。

间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的，应当负刑事责任，但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚。

醉酒的人犯罪，应当负刑事责任。

Article 19. A deaf-mute or a blind person who commits a crime may be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

        　　第十九条　【又聋又哑的人或盲人犯罪的刑事责任】又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪，可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚。

Article 20. Criminal responsibility is not to be borne for an act of legitimate defense that is under taken to stop present unlawful infringement of the state's and public interest or the rights of the person, property or other rights of the actor or of other people and that causes harm to the unlawful infringer.

Criminal responsibility shall be borne where legitimate defense noticeably exceeds the necessary limits and causes great harm. However, consideration shall be given to imposing a mitigated punishment or to granting exemption from punishment.

Criminal responsibility is not to be borne for a defensive act undertaken against ongoing physical assault, murder, robbery, rape, kidnap, and other violent crimes that seriously endanger personal safety that causes injury or death to the unlawful infringer since such an act is not an excessive defense.

        　　第二十条　【正当防卫】为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行为，对不法侵害人造成损害的，属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任。

正当防卫明显超过必要限度造成重大损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。

对正在进行行凶、杀人、抢劫、强奸、绑架以及其他严重危及人身安全的暴力犯罪，采取防卫行为，造成不法侵害人伤亡的，不属于防卫过当，不负刑事责任。

Article 21. Criminal responsibility is not to be borne for damage resulting from an act of urgent danger prevention that must be undertaken in order to avert the occurrence of present danger to the state or public interest or the rights of the person, property rights, or other rights of the actor or of other people.

Criminal responsibility shall be borne where urgent danger prevention exceeds the necessary limits and causes undue harm. However, consideration shall be given according to the circumstances to imposing a mitigated punishment or to granting exemption from punishment.

The provisions of the first paragraph with respect to preventing danger to oneself do not apply to a person who bears specific responsibility in his post or profession.

        　　第二十一条　【紧急避险】为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在发生的危险，不得已采取的紧急避险行为，造成损害的，不负刑事责任。

紧急避险超过必要限度造成不应有的损害的，应当负刑事责任，但是应当减轻或者免除处罚。

第一款中关于避免本人危险的规定，不适用于职务上、业务上负有特定责任的人。

Section 2. Preparation for a Crime, Criminal Attempt and Discontinuation of a Crime

第二节　犯罪的预备、未遂和中止

Article 22. Preparation for a crime is preparation of the instruments or creation of the conditions for the commission of a crime.

One who prepares for a crime may, in comparison with one who consummates the crime, be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

        　　第二十二条　【犯罪预备】为了犯罪，准备工具、制造条件的，是犯罪预备。

对于预备犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

Article 23. Criminal attempt occurs when a crime has already begun to be carried out but is not consummated because of factors independent of the will of the criminal element.

One who attempts to commit a crime may, in comparison with one who consummates the crime, be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment.

        　　第二十三条　【犯罪未遂】已经着手实行犯罪，由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因而未得逞的，是犯罪未遂。

对于未遂犯，可以比照既遂犯从轻或者减轻处罚。

Article 24. Discontinuation of a crime occurs when, during the process of committing a crime, the actor voluntarily discontinues the crime or voluntarily and effectively prevents the consequences of the crime from occurring.

One who discontinues a crime shall be exempted from punishment when there is no harm done or be given a mitigated punishment when there is harm done.

        　　第二十四条　【犯罪中止】在犯罪过程中，自动放弃犯罪或者自动有效地防止犯罪结果发生的，是犯罪中止。

对于中止犯，没有造成损害的，应当免除处罚；造成损害的，应当减轻处罚。

Section 3. Joint Crimes

第三节　共同犯罪

Article 25. A joint crime is an intentional crime committed by two or more persons jointly.

A negligent crime committed by two or more persons jointly is not to be punished as a joint crime; those who should bear criminal responsibility are to be punished separately according to the crimes they have committed.

        　　第二十五条　【共同犯罪概念】共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。

二人以上共同过失犯罪，不以共同犯罪论处；应当负刑事责任的，按照他们所犯的罪分别处罚。

Article 26. A principal offender is one who organizes and leads a criminal group in conducting criminal activities or plays a principal role in a joint crime.

A crime syndicate is a more or less permanent crime organization composed of three or more persons for the purpose of jointly committing crimes.

The head who organizes or leads a crime syndicate shall bear criminal responsibility for all the crimes committed by the syndicate.

A principal offender other that the one stipulated in the third paragraph shall bear criminal responsibility for all the crimes he participated in, organized, or directed.

        　　第二十六条　【主犯】组织、领导犯罪集团进行犯罪活动的或者在共同犯罪中起主要作用的，是主犯。

三人以上为共同实施犯罪而组成的较为固定的犯罪组织，是犯罪集团。

对组织、领导犯罪集团的首要分子，按照集团所犯的全部罪行处罚。

对于第三款规定以外的主犯，应当按照其所参与的或者组织、指挥的全部犯罪处罚。

Article 27. An accomplice is one who plays a secondary or supplementary role in a joint crime.

An accomplice shall, in comparison with a principal offender, be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

        　　第二十七条　【从犯】在共同犯罪中起次要或者辅助作用的，是从犯。

对于从犯，应当从轻、减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

Article 28. One who is coerced to participate in a crime shall, according to the circumstances of his crime, be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment.

        　　第二十八条　【胁从犯】对于被胁迫参加犯罪的，应当按照他的犯罪情节减轻处罚或者免除处罚。

Article 29. One who instigates others to commit a crime shall be punished according to the role he plays in the joint crime. One who instigates a person under the age of eighteen to commit a crime shall be given a heavier punishment.

If the instigated person does not commit the instigated crime, the instigator may be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment.

        　　第二十九条　【教唆犯】教唆他人犯罪的，应当按照他在共同犯罪中所起的作用处罚。教唆不满十八周岁的人犯罪的，应当从重处罚。

如果被教唆的人没有犯被教唆的罪，对于教唆犯，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。

Section 4. Crimes Committed by a Unit

第四节　单位犯罪

Article 30. A company, enterprise, institution, organization, or group which commits an act endangering society that is considered a crime under the law shall bear criminal responsibility.

        　　第三十条　【单位负刑事责任的范围】公司、企业、事业单位、机关、团体实施的危害社会的行为，法律规定为单位犯罪的，应当负刑事责任。

Article 31. A unit responsible for a criminal act shall be fined. The person in charge and other personnel who are directly responsible shall also bear criminal responsibility. Where there are other stipulations in the Special Provisions of this Law or other laws, those stipulations shall apply.

        　　第三十一条　【单位犯罪的处罚原则】单位犯罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚。本法分则和其他法律另有规定的，依照规定。

Chapter III Punishments

第三章　刑罚

Section 1. Types of Punishments

第一节　刑罚的种类

Article 32. Punishments are divided into principal punishments and supplementary punishments.

        　　第三十二条　【主刑和附加刑】刑罚分为主刑和附加刑。

Article 33. The types of principal punishments are:

        　　第三十三条　【主刑种类】主刑的种类如下：

(1) control;

        （一）管制；

(2) Criminal detention;

        （二）拘役；

(3) fixed-term imprisonment;

        （三）有期徒刑；

(4) life imprisonment; and

        （四）无期徒刑；

(5) The death penalty.

        （五）死刑。

Article 34. The types of supplementary punishments are:

        　　第三十四条　【附加刑种类】附加刑的种类如下：

(1) Fines;

        （一）罚金；

(2) Deprivation of political rights; and

        （二）剥夺政治权利；

(3) Confiscation of property.

Supplementary punishments may also be applied independently.

        （三）没收财产。

附加刑也可以独立适用。

Article 35. Deportation may be applied in an independent or supplementary manner to a foreigner who commits a crime.

        　第三十五条　【驱逐出境】对于犯罪的外国人，可以独立适用或者附加适用驱逐出境。

Article 36. Where the victim has suffered economic loss as a result of a criminal act, the criminal element, in addition to receiving criminal sanctions according to law, shall in accordance with the circumstances be sentenced to make compensation for the economic loss.

Where the criminal element bears responsibility for civil compensation and is also imposed a fine, if his property is not enough to pay the compensation and fine in full or if he has also been sentenced to confiscation of property, he shall first pay civil compensation to the victim.

        　　第三十六条　【赔偿经济损失与民事优先原则】由于犯罪行为而使被害人遭受经济损失的，对犯罪分子除依法给予刑事处罚外，并应根据情况判处赔偿经济损失。

承担民事赔偿责任的犯罪分子，同时被判处罚金，其财产不足以全部支付的，或者被判处没收财产的，应当先承担对被害人的民事赔偿责任。

Article 37. Where the circumstances of a person's crime are minor and do not require sentencing for punishment, an exemption from criminal sanctions may be granted him, but he may, according to the different circumstances of each case, be reprimanded or ordered to make a statement of repentance or formal apology or make compensation for losses, or be subjected to administrative sanctions by the competent department.

        　　第三十七条　【非刑罚性处置措施】对于犯罪情节轻微不需要判处刑罚的，可以免予刑事处罚，但是可以根据案件的不同情况，予以训诫或者责令具结悔过、赔礼道歉、赔偿损失，或者由主管部门予以行政处罚或者行政处分。

Section 2. Control

第二节　管制

Article 38. The term of control is not less than three months and not more than two years.

The judgment of control for a criminal element is executed by a public security organ.

        　　第三十八条　【管制的期限与执行机关】管制的期限，为三个月以上二年以下。

被判处管制的犯罪分子，由公安机关执行。

Article 39. A criminal element who is sentenced to control must abide by the following rules during the term in which his control is being carried out:

        　　第三十九条　【被管制犯罪的义务与权利】被判处管制的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守下列规定：

(1) abide by laws and administrative regulations, submit himself to supervision;

        （一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(2) shall not exercise the rights to freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession, and of demonstration without the approval of the organ executing the control;

        （二）未经执行机关批准，不得行使言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；

(3) report on his own activities pursuant to the rules of the organ executing the control;

        （三）按照执行机关规定报告自己的活动情况；

(4) abide by the rules of the organ executing the control for meeting visitors;

        （四）遵守执行机关关于会客的规定；

(5) report and obtain approval from the organ executing the control for a change in residence or departure from the city or county.

A criminal element who is sentenced to control shall, while engaged in labor, receive equal pay for equal work.

        （五）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经执行机关批准。

对于被判处管制的犯罪分子，在劳动中应当同工同酬。

Article 40. Upon the expiration of the term of the control, the organ executing the control shall announce the termination of control to the criminal element sentenced to control and to the masses concerned.

        　　第四十条　【管制期满解除】被判处管制的犯罪分子，管制期满，执行机关应即向本人和其所在单位或者居住地的群众宣布解除管制。

Article 41. The term of control is counted as commencing on the date the judgment begins to be executed; where custody has been employed before the judgment begins to be executed, the term is to be shortened by two days for each day spent in custody.

        　　第四十一条　【管制刑期的计算和折抵】管制的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期二日。

Section 3. Criminal Detention

第三节　拘役

Article 42. The term of criminal detention is not less a month and not more than six months.

        　　第四十二条　【拘役的期限】拘役的期限，为一个月以上六个月以下。

Article 43. A criminal element sentenced to criminal detention is to have his sentence executed by the public security organ in the vicinity.

During the period of execution, a criminal element sentenced to criminal detention may go home for one or two days each month; consideration may be given according to the circumstances to granting compensation to those who participate in labor.

        　　第四十三条　【拘役的执行】被判处拘役的犯罪分子，由公安机关就近执行。

在执行期间，被判处拘役的犯罪分子每月可以回家一天至两天；参加劳动的，可以酌量发给报酬。

Article 44. The term of criminal detention is counted as commencing on the date the judgment begins to be executed; where custody has been employed before the judgment, the term is to be shortened by one day for each day spent in custody.

        　　第四十四条　【拘役刑期的计算和折抵】拘役的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。

Section 4. Fixed-Term Imprisonment And Life Imprisonment

第四节　有期徒刑、无期徒刑

Article 45. Except as otherwise provided in Articles 50 and 69 of this Law, the term of fixed-term imprisonment is not less than six months and not more than fifteen years.

        　　第四十五条　【有期徒刑的期限】有期徒刑的期限，除本法第五十条、第六十九条规定外，为六个月以上十五年以下。

Article 46. A criminal element sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment is to have his sentence executed in prison or in another organ executing the sentence; anyone with the ability to labor shall take

part in labor, receive education, and undergo reform.

        　　第四十六条　【有期徒刑与无期徒刑的执行】被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在监狱或者其他执行场所执行；凡有劳动能力的，都应当参加劳动，接受教育和改造。

Article 47. The term of fixed-term imprisonment is counted as commencing on the date the judgment begins to be executed; where custody has been employed before the judgment begins to be executed, the term is to be shortened by one day for each day spent in custody.

        　　第四十七条　【有期徒刑刑期的计算与折抵】有期徒刑的刑期，从判决执行之日起计算；判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日。

Section 5. The Death Penalty

第五节　死刑

Article 48. The death penalty is only to be applied to criminal elements who commit the most heinous crimes. In the case of a criminal element who should be sentenced to death, if immediate execution is not essential, a two-year suspension of execution may be announced at the same time the sentence of death is imposed.

Except for judgments made by the Supreme People's Court according to law,all sentences of death shall be submitted to the Supreme People's Court for approval. Sentences of death with suspension of execution may be decided or approved by a high people's court.

        　　第四十八条　【死刑、死缓的适用对象及核准程序】死刑只适用于罪行极其严重的犯罪分子。对于应当判处死刑的犯罪分子，如果不是必须立即执行的，可以判处死刑同时宣告缓期二年执行。

死刑除依法由最高人民法院判决的以外，都应当报请最高人民法院核准。死刑缓期执行的，可以由高级人民法院判决或者核准。

Article 49. The death penalty is not to be applied to persons who have not reached the age of eighteen at the time the crime is committed or to women who are pregnant at the time of adjudication.

        　　第四十九条　【死刑适用对象的限制】犯罪的时候不满十八周岁的人和审判的时候怀孕的妇女，不适用死刑。

Article 50. If a person sentenced to death with a suspension of execution dose not intentionally commit a crime during the period of suspension, he is to be given a reduction of sentence to life imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period; if he demonstrates meritorious service,he is to be given a reduction of sentence to not less than fifteen years and not more than twenty years of fixed-term imprisonment upon the expiration of the two-year period; if there is verified evidence that he has intentionally committed a crime, the death penalty is be executed upon the approval of the Supreme People's Court.

        　　第五十条　【死缓变更】判处死刑缓期执行的，在死刑缓期执行期间，如果没有故意犯罪，二年期满以后，减为无期徒刑；如果确有重大立功表现，二年期满以后，减为十五年以上二十年以下有期徒刑；如果故意犯罪，查证属实的，由最高人民法院核准，执行死刑。

Article 51. The term for suspending execution of a sentence of death is counted as commencing on the date the judgment becomes final. The term of a sentence that is reduced from the death penalty with suspension of execution to fixed-term imprisonment is counted as commencing on the date the suspension of execution expires.

        　　第五十一条　【死缓期间及减为有期徒刑的刑期计算】死刑缓期执行的期间，从判决确定之日起计算。死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑的刑期，从死刑缓期执行期满之日起计算。

Section 6. Fines

第六节　罚金

Article 52. In imposing a fine, the amount of the fine shall be determined according to the circumstances of the crime.

        　　第五十二条　【罚金数额的裁量】判处罚金，应当根据犯罪情节决定罚金数额。

Article 53. A fine is to be paid in a lump sum or in installments within the period specified in the judgment.

Upon the expiration of the period, one who has not paid is to be compelled to pay. Where the person sentenced is unable to pay the fine in full, the people's court may collect whenever he is found in possession of executable property.

If a person truly has difficulties in paying because he has suffered irresistible calamity, consideration may be given according to the circumstances to granting him a reduction or exemption.

        　　第五十三条　【罚金的缴纳】罚金在判决指定的期限内一次或者分期缴纳。期满不缴纳的，强制缴纳。对于不能全部缴纳罚金的，人民法院在任何时候发现被执行人有可以执行的财产，应当随时追缴。如果由于遭遇不能抗拒的灾祸缴纳确实有困难的，可以酌情减少或者免除。

Section 7. Deprivation of Political Rights

第七节　剥夺政治权利

Article 54. Deprivation of political rights is deprivation of the following rights:

        　　第五十四条　【剥夺政治权利的含义】剥夺政治权利是剥夺下列权利：

(1) The right to elect and the right to be elected;

        （一）选举权和被选举权；

(2) the right to freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession, and of demonstration;

        （二）言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由的权利；

(3) the right to hold a position in state organs; and

        （三）担任国家机关职务的权利；

(4) the right to hold a leading position in a state-owned company, enterprise, or institution or people's organization.

        （四）担任国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体领导职务的权利。

Article 55. The term of deprivation of political rights is not less than one year and not more than five years, except as otherwise stipulated in Article 57 of this Law.

In situations where a person is sentenced to control and to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment, the term of deprivation of political rights is to be the same as the term of control, and the punishments are to be executed at the same time.

        　　第五十五条　【剥夺政治权利的期限】剥夺政治权利的期限，除本法第五十七条规定外，为一年以上五年以下。

判处管制附加剥夺政治权利的，剥夺政治权利的期限与管制的期限相等，同时执行。

Article 56. A criminal element endangering state security shall be sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment;a criminal element guilty of murder, rape, arson, explosion, spreading poison, or robbery who seriously undermines social order may also be

sentenced to deprivation of political rights as a supplementary punishment.

Where deprivation of political rights is applied independently,stipulations in the Special Provisions of this Law shall be followed.

        　　第五十六条　【剥夺政治权利的附加、独立适用】对于危害国家安全的犯罪分子应当附加剥夺政治权利；对于故意杀人、强奸、放火、爆炸、投毒、抢劫等严重破坏社会秩序的犯罪分子，可以附加剥夺政治权利。

独立适用剥夺政治权利的，依照本法分则的规定。

Article 57. A criminal element who is sentenced to death or to life imprisonment shall be deprived of political rights for life.

When the death penalty with a suspension of execution is reduced to fixed-term imprisonment, or life imprisonment is reduced to fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights shall be changed to not less than three years and not more

than ten years.

        　　第五十七条　【对死刑、无期徒刑罪犯剥夺政治权利的适用】对于被判处死刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，应当剥夺政治权利终身。

在死刑缓期执行减为有期徒刑或者无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的时候，应当把附加剥夺政治权利的期限改为三年以上十年以下。

Article 58. The term of the supplementary punishment of deprivation of political rights is counted as commencing on the date that imprisonment or criminal detention ends or on the date that parole begins; the deprivation of political rights is naturally to be effective during the period in which the principal punishment is being executed.

A criminal element who is deprived of political rights shall abide by laws, administrative regulations, and relevant regulations on supervision and administration promulgated by public security departments under the State

Council; submit to supervision; and is forbidden from exercising rights stipulated in Article 54 of this Law.

        　　第五十八条　【剥夺政治权利的刑期计算、效力与执行】附加剥夺政治权利的刑期，从徒刑、拘役执行完毕之日或者从假释之日起计算；剥夺政治权利的效力当然施用于主刑执行期间。

被剥夺政治权利的犯罪分子，在执行期间，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国务院公安部门有关监督管理的规定，服从监督；不得行使本法第五十四条规定的各项权利。

Section 8. Confiscation of Property

第八节　没收财产

Article 59. Confiscation of property is the confiscation of part or all of the property personally owned by the criminal element. Where all of the property personally owned by the criminal element is confiscated, living expenses shall be set aside for the criminal element himself and the dependents he supports.

When a sentence of confiscation of property is imposed, property that belongs to or should belong to family members of the criminal element may not be confiscated.

        　　第五十九条　【没收财产的范围】没收财产是没收犯罪分子个人所有财产的一部或者全部。没收全部财产的，应当对犯罪分子个人及其扶养的家属保留必需的生活费用。

在判处没收财产的时候，不得没收属于犯罪分子家属所有或者应有的财产。

Article 60. Where it is necessary to use the confiscated property to repay legitimate debts incurred by the criminal element before the property was confiscated, the debts shall be paid at the request of the creditors.

        　　第六十条　【以没收的财产偿还债务】没收财产以前犯罪分子所负的正当债务，需要以没收的财产偿还的，经债权人请求，应当偿还。

Chapter IV The Concrete Application Of Punishments

第四章　刑罚的具体运用

Section 1. Sentencing

第一节　量刑

Article 61. When deciding the punishment of a criminal element, the sentence shall be imposed on the basis of the facts of the crime, the nature and circumstances of the crime, and the degree of harm to society, in accordance with the relevant stipulations of this law.

        　　第六十一条　【量刑的事实根据与法律依据】对于犯罪分子决定刑罚的时候，应当根据犯罪的事实、犯罪的性质、情节和对于社会的危害程度，依照本法的有关规定判处。

Article 62. Where the circumstances of a criminal element are such as to give him a heavier punishment or a lesser punishment under the stipulations of this law, he shall be sentenced to a punishment within the legally prescribed limits of punishment.

        　　第六十二条　【从重处罚与从轻处罚】犯罪分子具有本法规定的从重处罚、从轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑的限度以内判处刑罚。

Article 63. Where the circumstances of a criminal element are such as to give him a mitigated punishment under the stipulations of this law, he shall be sentenced to a punishment below the legally prescribed punishment.

Although the circumstances of a criminal element do not warrant giving him a mitigated punishment under the stipulations of this law, he too may be sentenced to a punishment below the legally prescribed punishment based on the special situation of the case and with the approval of the Supreme People's Court.

        　　第六十三条　【减轻处罚】犯罪分子具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节的，应当在法定刑以下判处刑罚。

犯罪分子虽然不具有本法规定的减轻处罚情节，但是根据案件的特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，也可以在法定刑以下判处刑罚。

Article 64. All articles of property illegally obtained by the criminal element shall be recovered or he shall be ordered to make restitution or pay compensation for them.

The legitimate property of the victims shall be promptly returned.Contraband and articles of the criminal's own property used for committing the crime shall be confiscated.Articles of confiscated property and fines shall be handed over to the national treasury and shall not be diverted or otherwise disposed of.

        　　第六十四条　【犯罪物品的处理】犯罪分子违法所得的一切财物，应当予以追缴或者责令退赔；对被害人的合法财产，应当及时返还；违禁品和供犯罪所用的本人财物，应当予以没收。没收的财物和罚金，一律上缴国库，不得挪用和自行处理。

Section 2. Recidivists

第二节　累犯

Article 65. A criminal element who has been sentenced to a punishment of not less than fixed-term imprisonment and who, within five years after his punishment has been completely executed or he has received a pardon,commits another crime for which he should be sentenced to a punishment of not less than a fixed-term imprisonment is a recidivist and shall be given a heavier punishment.

However, negligent commission of a crime is an exception.

In situations where a criminal element is granted a parole, the period stipulated in the preceding paragraph is to be counted as commencing on the date of expiration of the parole.

        　　第六十五条　【一般累犯】被判处有期徒刑以上刑罚的犯罪分子，刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在五年以内再犯应当判处有期徒刑以上刑罚之罪的，是累犯，应当从重处罚，但是过失犯罪除外。

前款规定的期限，对于被假释的犯罪分子，从假释期满之日起计算。

Article 66. Criminal elements endangering state security who, at any time after their punishment has been completely executed or they have received a pardon, commit another crime endangering state security are all to be treated as recidivists.

        　　第六十六条　【特别累犯】危害国家安全的犯罪分子在刑罚执行完毕或者赦免以后，在任何时候再犯危害国家安全罪的，都以累犯论处。

Section 3. Voluntary Surrender and Meritorious Service

第三节　自首和立功

Article 67. The act of voluntarily giving oneself up to the police and giving a true account of one's crime after committing it is an act of voluntary surrender. Criminal elements who voluntarily surrender may be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment. Those among them whose crimes are relatively minor may be exempted from punishment.

Where criminal suspects, defendants, and criminals serving sentences give a true account of their other crimes which are not known to the judicial organ, their actions are regarded as an act of voluntary surrender.

        　　第六十七条　【自首】犯罪以后自动投案，如实供述自己的罪行的，是自首。对于自首的犯罪分子，可以从轻或者减轻处罚。其中，犯罪较轻的，可以免除处罚。

被采取强制措施的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和正在服刑的罪犯，如实供述司法机关还未掌握的本人其他罪行的，以自首论。

Article 68. Criminal elements who perform meritorious service by exposing other people's crimes that can be verified or who provide important clues leading the cracking of other cases may be given a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment. Those who performed major meritorious service may be given a mitigated punishment or may be exempted from punishment.

Those who surrender themselves voluntarily and perform major meritorious service after committing a crime shall be given a mitigated punishment or exempted from punishment.

        　　第六十八条　【立功】犯罪分子有揭发他人犯罪行为，查证属实的，或者提供重要线索，从而得以侦破其他案件等立功表现的，可以从轻或者减轻处罚；有重大立功表现的，可以减轻或者免除处罚。

犯罪后自首又有重大立功表现的，应当减轻或者免除处罚。

Section 4. Combined Punishment For More Than One Crime

第四节　数罪并罚

Article 69. If a person commits more than one crime before judgment has been pronounced, except where he is sentenced to death or life imprisonment, the term of sentence that it is decided to be executed, in consideration of the circumstances, shall be less than the total term for all the crimes but more than the maximum term for any of the crimes; however, the term of control cannot exceed three years, the term of criminal detention cannot exceed one year, and fixed-term imprisonment cannot exceed 20 years.

If among the crimes there are any for which a supplementary punishment is to be imposed, the supplementary punishment must still be executed.

        　　第六十九条　【判决宣告前一人犯数罪的并罚】判决宣告以前一人犯数罪的，除判处死刑和无期徒刑的以外，应当在总和刑期以下、数刑中最高刑期以上，酌情决定执行的刑期，但是管制最高不能超过三年，拘役最高不能超过一年，有期徒刑最高不能超过二十年。

如果数罪中有判处附加刑的，附加刑仍须执行。

Article 70. If, after judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed, it is discovered that, before judgment was pronounced, the sentenced criminal element committed another crime for which he has not been sentenced, a judgment shall be rendered for the newly-discovered crime, and the punishment to be executed for the punishments sentenced in the two, former and latter, judgments decided according to the stipulations of Article 69 of this law. The term that has already been executed shall be counted in the term decided by the new judgment.

        　　第七十条　【判决宣告后发现漏罪的并罚】判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，发现被判刑的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当对新发现的罪作出判决，把前后两个判决所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。已经执行的刑期，应当计算在新判决决定的刑期以内。

Article 71. If after judgment has been pronounced but before the punishment has been completely executed the sentenced criminal element again commits a crime, a judgment shall be rendered for the newly-committed crime, and the punishment to be executed for the punishment that has not been executed for the former crime and the punishment imposed for the latter crime decided according to the stipulations of Article 69 of this law.

        　　第七十一条　【判决宣告后又犯新罪的并罚】判决宣告以后，刑罚执行完毕以前，被判刑的犯罪分子又犯罪的，应当对新犯的罪作出判决，把前罪没有执行的刑罚和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。

Section 5. Suspension of Sentence

第五节　缓刑

Article 72. A suspension of sentence may be pronounced for a criminal element who has been sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment for not more than three years, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, and where applying a suspended sentence will not in fact result in further harm to society.

If a criminal element for whom a suspension of sentence has been pronounced has been sentenced to a supplementary punishment, the supplementary punishment must still be executed.

        　　第七十二条　【适用条件】对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子，根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现，适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的，可以宣告缓刑。

被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，如果被判处附加刑，附加刑仍须执行。

Article 73. The probation period for suspension of criminal detention is to be not less than the term originally decided and not more than one year, but it may not be less than two months. The probation period for suspension of fixed-term imprisonment is to be not less than the term originally decided and not more than five years, but it may not be less than one year.

The probation period for suspension is to be counted as commencing on the date the judgment becomes final.

        　　第七十三条　【考验期限】拘役的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上一年以下，但是不能少于二个月。

有期徒刑的缓刑考验期限为原判刑期以上五年以下，但是不能少于一年。

缓刑考验期限，从判决确定之日起计算。

Article 74. Suspension of sentence is not to be applied to recidivists.

        　　第七十四条　【累犯不适用缓刑】对于累犯，不适用缓刑。

Article 75. A criminal element for whom a suspension of sentence has been pronounced shall observe the following stipulations:

        　　第七十五条　【缓刑犯应遵守的规定】被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：

(1) observing the law and administrative statutes and accepting

supervision;

        （一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(2) reporting his activities in accordance with the stipulation of the

observing organ;

        （二）按照考察机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；

(3) following the observing organ's stipulation on meeting visitors;

        （三）遵守考察机关关于会客的规定；

(4) reporting and applying to the observing organ for approval before leaving or moving from the city or county of residence.

        （四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经考察机关批准。

Article 76. A criminal element for whom a suspension of sentence has been pronounced is to be observed by the public security organ during the probation period for suspension, with his unit or the basic level organization taking coordinated action. Upon the expiration of the probation period for suspension, public pronouncement that the punishment originally decided is not to be executed shall be made, provided there are no circumstances as stipulated in Article 77 of this law.

        　　第七十六条　【缓刑的考验及其积极后果】被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，由公安机关考察，所在单位或者基层组织予以配合，如果没有本法第七十七条规定的情形，缓刑考验期满，原判的刑罚就不再执行，并公开予以宣告。

Article 77. If a criminal element for whom a suspension of sentence has been pronounced commits new crimes during the probation period for suspension or is discovered that, before judgment was pronounced, the sentenced criminal element committed another crime for which he has not been sentenced, the suspension is to be revoked and the punishment to be executed for the punishments imposed for the former and latter crimes is to be decided according to the stipulations of Article 69 of this law. If, during the probation period for suspension, a criminal element for whom a suspension of sentence has been pronounced violates relevant provisions governing the supervision and control of suspension of sentence provided for in the law, administrative statutes, or regulations of public security departments of the State Council, the suspension is to be revoked and the punishments originally imposed shall be executed.

        　　第七十七条　【缓刑的撤销及其处理】被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内犯新罪或者发现判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销缓刑，对新犯的罪或者新发现的罪作出判决，把前罪和后罪所判处的刑罚，依照本法第六十九条的规定，决定执行的刑罚。

被宣告缓刑的犯罪分子，在缓刑考验期限内，违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关缓刑的监督管理规定，情节严重的，应当撤销缓刑，执行原判刑罚。

Section 6. Reduction of Sentence

第六节　减刑

Article 78. A criminal element who is sentenced to control, criminal detention, fixed-term imprisonment or life imprisonment may have his sentence reduced if, during the period his punishment is being executed, he earnestly observes prison regulations, accepts reform through education, truly repents, or performs meritorious service.

The sentence shall be reduced if any of the following meritorious services are performed:

        　　第七十八条　【适用条件与限度】被判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，在执行期间，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现的，或者有立功表现的，可以减刑；有下列重大立功表现之一的，应当减刑：

(1) preventing someone from engaging in major criminal activities;

        （一）阻止他人重大犯罪活动的；

(2) informing on major criminal activities in or outside the prison that can be verified;

        （二）检举监狱内外重大犯罪活动，经查证属实的；

(3) making inventions or major technological renovations;

        （三）有发明创造或者重大技术革新的；

(4) risking his life to save others in day-to-day production activities and life;

        （四）在日常生产、生活中舍己救人的；

(5) performing outstanding service in combating natural disaster or preventing major accidents;

        （五）在抗御自然灾害或者排除重大事故中，有突出表现的；

(6) making other major contributions to the state or society.

For those sentenced to control, criminal detention, or fixed-term imprisonment, the term of the punishment actually to be executed may not, after reductions of sentence, be less than half of the term originally decided; for those sentenced to life imprisonment it may not be less than 10 years.

        （六）对国家和社会有其他重大贡献的。

减刑以后实际执行的刑期，判处管制、拘役、有期徒刑的，不能少于原判刑期的二分之一；判处无期徒刑的，不能少于十年。

Article 79. To receive reductions of sentence for criminal elements, the organ executing the sentence shall submit letters of sentence reduction proposal to the people's court at or above the intermediate level. The people's court shall form a collegial panel to examine the proposals and to issue sentence reduction orders for those who demonstrate true repentance and performed meritorious service.

        　　第七十九条　【程序】对于犯罪分子的减刑，由执行机关向中级以上人民法院提出减刑建议书。人民法院应当组成合议庭进行审理，对确有悔改或者立功事实的，裁定予以减刑。非经法定程序不得减刑。

Article 80. The term of fixed-term imprisonment that is reduced from life imprisonment is counted as commencing on the date of the order reducing the sentence; no sentence reduction shall be made without due legal process.

        　　第八十条　【无期徒刑减刑的刑期计算】无期徒刑减为有期徒刑的刑期，从裁定减刑之日起计算。

Section 7. Parole

第七节　假释

Article 81. A criminal element sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of which not less than half has been executed, or a criminal element sentenced to life imprisonment of which not less than 10 years has actually been executed, may be granted parole if he earnestly observes prison regulations, undergoes reform through education, demonstrates true repentance, and will not cause further harm to society after being paroled.

If special circumstances exist, with the approval of the Supreme People's Court, the above restrictions relating to the term executed need not be imposed.

Criminal elements who are recidivists or who are sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than 10 years or to life imprisonment for murder, bombing, robbery, rape, kidnap, or other violent crimes shall not be granted parole.

        　　第八十一条　【适用条件】被判处有期徒刑的犯罪分子，执行原判刑期二分之一以上，被判处无期徒刑的犯罪分子，实际执行十年以上，如果认真遵守监规，接受教育改造，确有悔改表现，假释后不致再危害社会的，可以假释。如果有特殊情况，经最高人民法院核准，可以不受上述执行刑期的限制。

对累犯以及因杀人、爆炸、抢劫、强奸、绑架等暴力性犯罪被判处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子，不得假释。

Article 82. The granting of parole to criminal elements shall be carried out in accordance with the procedures stipulated in Article 79 of this law; no parole shall be granted without due legal process.

        　　第八十二条　【程序】对于犯罪分子的假释，依照本法第七十九条规定的程序进行。非经法定程序不得假释。

Article 83. The probation period for parole in the case of fixed-term imprisonment is the term that has not been completed; the probation period for parole in the case of life imprisonment is 10 years.

The probation period for parole is counted as commencing on the date of parole.

        　　第八十三条　【考验期限】有期徒刑的假释考验期限，为没有执行完毕的刑期；无期徒刑的假释考验期限为十年。

假释考验期限，从假释之日起计算。

Article 84. Criminal elements granted parole shall observe the following stipulations:

        　　第八十四条　【假释犯应遵守的规定】被宣告假释的犯罪分子，应当遵守下列规定：

(1) observing the law and administrative statutes and accepting supervision;

        （一）遵守法律、行政法规，服从监督；

(2) reporting his activities in accordance with the stipulation of the supervising organ;

        （二）按照监督机关的规定报告自己的活动情况；

(3) observing the supervising organ's stipulation on meeting visitors;

        （三）遵守监督机关关于会客的规定；

(4) reporting and applying to the observing organ for approval before leaving or moving from the city or county of residence.

        （四）离开所居住的市、县或者迁居，应当报经监督机关批准。

Article 85. During the probation period for parole, a criminal element who is granted parole is to be supervised by the public security organs, and upon completion of the parole, if there are no circumstances as stipulated in Article 86 of this law, the punishment to which he was originally sentenced is to be considered as having been completely executed, and a public pronouncement to the effect shall be made accordingly.

        　　第八十五条　【假释考验及其积极后果】被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，由公安机关予以监督，如果没有本法第八十六条规定的情形，假释考验期满，就认为原判刑罚已经执行完毕，并公开予以宣告。

Article 86. If, during the probation period for parole, a criminal element commits any further crime, the parole is to be revoked and the punishment is to be executed for the punishment that has not been executed for the former crime and the punishment imposed for the latter crime decided according to the stipulations of Article 71 of this law.

If, during the probation period for parole, a criminal element violates relevant provisions governing the supervision and control of suspension of sentence provided for in the law, administrative statutes, or regulations of public security departments of the State Council but the violation does not constitutes a new crime, the parole shall be revoked in accordance with the legal procedures and the parolee shall be returned to prison to complete the unfinished prison term.

        　　第八十六条　【假释的撤销及其处理】被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内犯新罪，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十一条的规定实行数罪并罚。

在假释考验期限内，发现被假释的犯罪分子在判决宣告以前还有其他罪没有判决的，应当撤销假释，依照本法第七十条的规定实行数罪并罚。

被假释的犯罪分子，在假释考验期限内，有违反法律、行政法规或者国务院公安部门有关假释的监督管理规定的行为，尚未构成新的犯罪的，应当依照法定程序撤销假释，收监执行未执行完毕的刑罚。

Section 8. Limitation

第八节　时效

Article 87. Crimes are not to be prosecuted where the following periods have elapsed:

        　　第八十七条　【追诉时效期限】犯罪经过下列期限不再追诉：

(1) in cases where the maximum legally-prescribed punishment is fixed-term imprisonment of less than five years, where five years have elapsed;

        （一）法定最高刑为不满五年有期徒刑的，经过五年；

(2) in cases where the maximum legally-prescribed punishment is fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and less than ten years, where ten years have elapsed.

        （二）法定最高刑为五年以上不满十年有期徒刑的，经过十年；

(3) in cases where the maximum fixed-term imprisonment is not less than ten years, where fifteen years have elapsed.

        （三）法定最高刑为十年以上有期徒刑的，经过十五年；

(4) in cases where the maximum legally-prescribed punishment is life-imprisonment or death, where twenty Years have elapsed. If it is considered that a crime must be prosecuted after twenty years, the matter must be submitted to the Supreme People's Procuratorate for approval.

        （四）法定最高刑为无期徒刑、死刑的，经过二十年。如果二十年以后认为必须追诉的，须报请最高人民检察院核准。

Article 88. No limitation on the period for prosecution is to be imposed in cases where, after the people's procuratorates, public security organs, or state security organs have filed to investigate or after the people' s courts have decided to hear the cases, the criminal element escapes from investigation or adjudication.

No limitation on the period for prosecution is to be imposed in cases where, after the victims filed charges within the period for prosecution, the people' s court, people's procuratorates, or public security organs refused to file for investigation as they should.

        　　第八十八条　【追诉期限的延长】在人民检察院、公安机关、国家安全机关立案侦查或者在人民法院受理案件以后，逃避侦查或者审判的，不受追诉期限的限制。

被害人在追诉期限内提出控告，人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关应当立案而不予立案的，不受追诉期限的限制。

Article 89. The period for prosecution is counted as commencing on the date of the crime; if the criminal act is of a continuous or continuing nature, it is counted as commencing on the date the criminal act is completed.

If any further crime is committed during the period for prosecution, the period for prosecution of the former crime is counted as commencing on the date of the latter crime.

        　　第八十九条　【追诉期限的计算与中断】追诉期限从犯罪之日起计算；犯罪行为有连续或者继续状态的，从犯罪行为终了之日起计算。

在追诉期限以内又犯罪的，前罪追诉的期限从犯后罪之日起计算。

Chapter V Other Provisions

第五章　其他规定

Article 90. In situations where the autonomous areas inhabited by ethnic groups cannot completely apply the stipulations of this law, the people's congresses of the autonomous regions or of the provinces may formulate alternative or supplementary provisions based upon the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of the local ethnic groups and the basic principles of the stipulations of this law, and these provisions shall go into effect after they have been submitted to and approved by the National People's Congress Standing Committee.

        　　第九十条　【民族自治地方刑法适用的变通】民族自治地方不能全部适用本法规定的，可以由自治区或者省的人民代表大会根据当地民族的政治、经济、文化的特点和本法规定的基本原则，制定变通或者补充的规定，报请全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准施行。

Article 91. The term "public property" in this law refers to the following property:

        　　第九十一条　【公共财产的范围】本法所称公共财产，是指下列财产：

(1) property owned by the state;

        （一）国有财产；

(2) property owned collectively by the laboring masses;

        （二）劳动群众集体所有的财产；

(3) public donations to be used for aiding the poor and other public services, or property of special funds.

Private property that is being managed, used or transported by state organs, state-owned corporations, enterprises, collective enterprises, and people's organizations is to be treated as public property.

        （三）用于扶贫和其他公益事业的社会捐助或者专项基金的财产。

在国家机关、国有公司、企业、集体企业和人民团体管理、使用或者运输中的私人财产，以公共财产论。

Article 92. The term "citizens' private property" in this law refers to the following property:

        　　第九十二条　【公民私人所有财产的范围】本法所称公民私人所有的财产，是指下列财产：

(1) citizens' lawful income, savings, houses and other means of livelihood;

        （一）公民的合法收入、储蓄、房屋和其他生活资料；

(2) means of production that are under individual or family ownership according to law;

        （二）依法归个人、家庭所有的生产资料；

(3) lawful property of independent businesses and private enterprises;

        （三）个体户和私营企业的合法财产；

(4) shares, stocks, securities and other property that are under individual ownership according to law.

        （四）依法归个人所有的股份、股票、债券和其他财产。

Article 93. The term "state personnel" in this law refers to all personnel of state organs.

Personnel engaged in public service in state-owned corporations, enterprises, institutions, and people's organizations; and personnel which state organs, state-owned corporations, enterprises, and institutions assign to engage in public service in nonstate-owned corporations, enterprises, institutions, and social organizations; as well as other working personnel engaged in public service according to the law, are to be treated as state personnel.

        　　第九十三条　【国家工作人员的范围】本法所称国家工作人员，是指国家机关中从事公务的人员。

国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员和国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体从事公务的人员，以及其他依照法律从事公务的人员，以国家工作人员论。

Article 94. The term "judicial personnel" in this law refers to personnel engaged in the functions of investigating, prosecuting, adjudicating, supervising and controlling offenders.

        　　第九十四条　【司法工作人员的范围】本法所称司法工作人员，是指有侦查、检察、审判、监管职责的工作人员。

Article 95. The term "serious injury" in this law refers to any one of the following injuries:

        　　第九十五条　【重伤】本法所称重伤，是指有下列情形之一的伤害：

(1) injuries resulting in loss of the use of a person's limbs or disfigurement;

        （一）使人肢体残废或者毁人容貌的；

(2) injuries resulting in loss of the use of a person's hearing, sight, or functions of any other organ; or

        （二）使人丧失听觉、视觉或者其他器官机能的；

(3) other injuries that cause grave harm to a person's physical health.

        （三）其他对于人身健康有重大伤害的。

Article 96. The phrase "violating state stipulations" in this law refers to violation of laws and decisions formulated by the National People's Congress or the National People's Congress Standing Committee; and administrative measures prescribed in administrative ordinance and regulations formulated by the State Council; as well as decisions and decrees the State Council promulgated.

        　　第九十六条　【违反国家规定之含义】本法所称违反国家规定，是指违反全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定的法律和决定，国务院制定的行政法规、规定的行政措施、发布的决定和命令。

Article 97. The term "ringleader" in this law refers to a criminal element who plays the role of organizing, planning or directing a criminal group or a crowd assembled to commit a crime.

        　　第九十七条　【首要分子的范围】本法所称首要分子，是指在犯罪集团或者聚众犯罪中起组织、策划、指挥作用的犯罪分子。

Article 98. The phrase "To be handled only upon complaint" in this law refers to handling a case only when the victim files a complaint. If the victim is unable to file a complaint because of coercion or intimidation, a people's procuratorate and the victim's close relatives may also file the complaint.

        　　第九十八条　【告诉才处理的含义】本法所称告诉才处理，是指被害人告诉才处理。如果被害人因受强制、威吓无法告诉的，人民检察院和被害人的近亲属也可以告诉。

Article 99. Such phrases as "not less than," "not more than" and "within" in this law all include the given figure.

        　　第九十九条　【以上、以下、以内之界定】本法所称以上、以下、以内，包括本数。

Article 100. When people join the military, or seek employment, those who received criminal punishments according to law shall factually report to the relevant units the punishments they had received and may not conceal them.

        　　第一百条　【前科报告制度】依法受过刑事处罚的人，在入伍、就业的时候，应当如实向有关单位报告自己曾受过刑事处罚，不得隐瞒。

Article 101. The General Provisions of this law are applicable to other laws and decrees with stipulations for criminal punishments, but other laws having special stipulations are exceptions.

        　　第一百零一条　【总则的效力】本法总则适用于其他有刑罚规定的法律，但是其他法律有特别规定的除外。

Part II Special Provisions